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1263 


BANCROFT 

LIBRARY 

Reprinted  from  University  of  Colorado  Studies,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  3, 
Boulder,  Colo.,  June,  1906. 


A  PRELIMINARY  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  COLORADO 

HISTORY 

BY  FREDERIC  LOGAN  PAXSON 

The  materials  relating  to  the  history  of  Colorado  have  never  been 
described  in  a  systematic  manner  and  remain  unnoticed  in  our  libraries 
in  the  form  of  books,  chapters,  and  magazine  articles.  The  official 
records  of  the  state  have  received  some  attention  in  "The  Public 
Archives  of  the  State  of  Colorado,"  by  F.  L.  Paxson,  in  the  Annual 
Report  oj  the  American  Historical  Association,  1903,  Vol.  I,  pp.  414- 
437.  A  beginning  has  also  been  made  in  the  bibliography  of  formal 
books  relating  to  the  history  of  the  state,  by  the  same  writer  in  his 
"The  Historical  Opportunity  in  Colorado,"  in  the  University  oj  Col- 
orado Studies,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  19-24.  But  no  attempt  has  thus  far  been 
made  to  arrange  the  magazine  articles  and  public  documents  in  any 
sort  of  order.  This  last  work  is  the  purpose  of  this  present  paper, 
but  no  claim  for  an  exhaustive  bibliography  is  here  made.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  most  important  articles  have  been  found  and  listed,  but  in 
some  directions  the  collection  is  avowedly  partial,  while  in  all  it  is 
only  preliminary. 

The  land  which  is  incorporated  in  Colorado  has  been  acquired 
at  various  times  from  France,  Mexico,  and  Texas,  the  steps  being 
recorded  in  F.  L.  Paxson,  "The  Boundaries  of  Colorado,"  in  the 
University  of  Colorado  Studies,  Vol.  II,  pp.  87-94.  The  actual  survey 
of  the  southern  boundary  touching  New  Mexico  and  Oklahoma  was 
long  deferred,  the  attempts  to  provide  for  it  being  described  in  H. 
Doc.  604;  57C.i;  Serial  4377;  May,  1902, x  and  H.  Doc.  120;  57C.2; 
Serial  4489;  December,  1902.  So  much  of  the  land  as  lies  between 
the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Arkansas,  and  the  meridians  of  their 
sources,  was  bought  from  Texas  on  September  9,  1850.  The  exist- 
ence of  various  Mexican  grants  in  this  region  has  been  a  source  of 

1  This  reference,  and  all  others  to  the  public  documents,  should  be  expanded  in  this  manner:  House 
Document  604;  Fifty-seventh  Congress,  First  Session;  Serial  No.  4377. 


2  / 1 
•Tiq 


IO2  UNIVERSITY   OF   COLORADO   STUDIES 

annoyance  to  the  United  States  because  of  a  confusion  as  to  lands 
eatft  and  west  of  the  Rio  Grande,  the  latter  having  been  acquired  from 
Mexico  in  1848,  and  the  grants  therein  being  under  the  guarantee 
of  the  treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo.  In  1886  the  Committee  on 
Private  Land  Claims  recommended  the  erection  of  a  special  tribunal 
to  handle  these  claims,  H.  Rep.  1380;  49C.i;  Serial  2439.  Two 
years  later  this  same  committee  presented  a  second  report  to  the  same 
effect,  stating  that  three  millions  of  acres  of  Colorado  lands  were  claimed 
under  grants  from  Spain  and  Mexico,  H.  Rep.  675;  5oC.i;  Serial 
2600;  and  finally  in  1892  the  same  committee  again  reported  to  the 
House  on  the  status  of  litigation  over  the  Vigil,  Maxwell,  St.  Vrain. 
and  other  grants,  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  land  policy  of 
the  United  States  had  overlooked  the  Texan  origin  of  the  Colorado 
lands  east  of  the  Rio  Grande,  H.  Rep.  1253;  52C.i;  Serial  3045. 

The  geographical  and  geological  foundations  for  the  history  of 
Colorado  are  well  laid  in  the  government  documents.  In  general, 
it  is  necessary  to  call  attention  to  the  irrigation  papers  among  the  Bul- 
letins of  Experiment  Stations,  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  to  the 
Bulletins  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  many  of  which  relate 
to  Colorado.  There  is  a  good  bibliography  of  the  various  exploring 
parties  that  have  worked  in  Colorado  in  pp.  18-26  of.  G.  H.  Girty, 
"The  Carboniferous  Formations  and  Faunas  of  Colorado,"  H.  Doc. 
479 ;  57C.2;  Serial  4511;  pp.  546.  A  resolution  of  the  legislature 
of  Colorado  asking  for  a  federal  department  of  mines,  with  the  comment 
of  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  upon  the  request,  is  in  Sen. 
Doc.  170;  55C.i;  Serial  3563;  pp.  8.  The  Secretary  of  War  reported 
to  Congress  in  1897  upon  reservoir  sites  in  Wyoming  and  Colorado, 
giving  a  general  history  of  irrigation  works,  H.  Doc.  141;  5$C.2; 
Serial  3666;  pp.  no;  while  A.  L.  Fellows,  in  Water  Supply  and  Irri- 
gation Papers,  No.  74,  has  an  exhaustive  description  of  the  "Water 
Resources  of  the  State  of  Colorado,"  H.  Doc.  200;  57C.2;  Serial 
4500;  pp.  151.  The  economic  historian  will  find  much  comfort  in 
the  annual  Statistics  of  Mines  and  Mining,  prepared  by  the  federal 
Commissioner  of  Mining  Statistics,  the  eighth  annual  being  1875* 
H.  Ex.  Doc.  159;  44C.i;  Serial  1691. 


PRELIMINARY   BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF   COLORADO   HISTORY  103 

The  first  few  years  of  the  life  of  the  Territory  of  Colorado  were 
passed  in  an  obscurity  that  has  rarely  been  driven  away.  Little  interest 
was  shown  in  the  territory  at  the  time,  or  since,  and  thus  few  articles 
have  to  be  recorded  for  the  period.  Among  the  most  interesting  articles 
upon  the  period  of  settlement  is  the  avowed  forgery  by  "Fitz-Mac," 
which  appeared  in  the  -Colorado  Magazine,  Vol.  I,  pp.  281-297,  July 
1893.  This  local  magazine,  which  lived  for  only  five  months  in  the 
summer  of  1893,  was  far  beyond  most  similar  journals  in  typographical 
and  literary  character.  The  article  in  question  purported  to  be  a 
series  of  six  letters,  written  chiefly  in  the  years  1859-1860,  by  early 
settlers  in  Denver.  Although  the  author  admitted  that  the  letters 
were  an  honest  fabrication,  the  descriptive  value  of  the  series  is  great, 
for  " Fitz-Mac"  showed  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  person- 
nel and  conditions  of  the  short-lived  territory  of  Jefferson. 

Much  of  the  literature  produced  in  these  first  years  was  called  forth  by 
the  various  attempts  at  statehood  made  in  the  Pike 's  Peak  country.  As 
early  as  February,  1861,  this  matter  was  stirred  up  by  B.  D.  Williams, 
who  appeared  in  Washington  and  sought  recognition  as  a  territorial 
delegate.  The  memorials  which  he  presented  to  Congress  contain 
descriptions  of  the  new  settlements  and  a  copy  of  the  message  of  Rich- 
ard W.  Steele,  governor  of  the  provisional  territorial  organization  of 
Jefferson  Territory.  They  may  be  found  in  H.  Misc.  Doc.  10;  36C.i; 
Serial  1063.  The  same  spontaneous  territorial  movement  is  described 
in  a  brief  paper  on  "The  Territory  of  Jefferson,"  by  F.  L.  Paxson, 
in  the  University  of  Colorado  Studies,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  15-18.  The  origi- 
nal materials  for  the  period  are  not  copious.  The  message  of  General 
Gilpin,  the  first  territorial  governor,  is  printed  in  H.  Ex.  Doc.  56; 
37C.2;  Serial  1131;  while  in  the  same  month,  February,  1862,  a  six- 
page  report  from  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  H.  Rep.  36; 
37C.2;  Serial  1144,  advocates  the  establishment  of  a  branch  mint 
in  Denver.  The  great  production  and  use  of  raw  gold,  together  with 
the  existence  of  a  private  mint,  were  the  reasons  leading  the  committee 
to  its  recommendation. 

From  1864  to  1867  various  attempts  to  bring  Colorado  into  the 
United  States  occupy  most  of  the  time.  An  enabling  act  was  passed 


104  UNIVERSITY   OF   COLORADO   STUDIES 

in  1864,  but  the  constitution  framed  in  accordance  with  it  was  rejected 
at  the  polls.  The  following  summer  saw  a  change  of  feeling,  bringing 
with  it  a  new  and  ratified  constitution;  but  President  Johnson  declined 
to  issue  the  proclamation  of  admission  on  receiving  it,  on  the  ground 
that  the  time  for  such  action  had  expired.  He  transmitted  the  constitu- 
tion with  extracts  from  the  reports  of  the  convention  and  his  reasons 
for  refusing  to  act  in  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  10;  390.1;  Serial  1237,  on  Jan- 
uary 12,  1866.  Congress  followed  this  message  by  passing  a  second 
enabling  act  for  the  territory,  only  to  receive  back  this  act  with  a  veto 
message  of  May  16,  1866.  The  printed  message,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  45; 
39C.i;  Serial  1238,  contains  a  copy  of  the  vetoed  act.  A  third  enabling 
act  was  passed  the  following  January  by  this  same  Congress,  and  was 
likewise  vetoed  by  the  President.  The  second  veto  message,  Sen. 
Ex.  Doc.  7;  39C.2;  Serial  1277,  contains  elaborate  reasons  for  the 
veto,  the  chief  ground  being  the  small  population  of  the  territory,  its 
recent  shrinkage  in  numbers,  and  the  injustice  of  such  admission  to 
the  older  states. 

While  the  statehood  agitation  was  in  progress,  the  territory  suffered 
from  constant  Indian  attacks.  Incidental  to  these  attacks  are  the 
investigation  into  the  Indian  finances  of  Governor  A.  B.  Cummings, 
H.  Misc.  Doc.  81;  39C.2;  Serial  1302,  and  the  statement  of  the  expen- 
ses of  the  First  Colorado  Regiment  in  a  campaign  of  1865,  H.  Ex.  Doc. 
7;  4oC.2;  Serial  1330. 

The  interest  of  Congress  in  the  territory  and  its  Indian  troubles 
is  followed  by  the  beginning  of  popular  curiosity  as  to  the  new  country. 
Among  the  articles  which  cater  to  this  demand  are  two  which  are  found 
in  Harper's  Magazine  for  June  and  July,  1867.  In  the  latter  issue* 
Vol.  XXXV,  pp.  137-150,  there  is  an  account  of  the  trip  across  the 
plains  by  F.  R.  Davis,  entitled  "A  Stage  Ride  to  Colorado."  The 
life  of  the  pioneer  emigrant  is  described  in  this  account  of  a  journey 
by  the  Smoky  Hill  route  from  Omaha  to  Denver.  Some  interesting 
statements  are  made  as  to  the  condition  of  the  railroad  end  of  the 
route.  A  month  earlier  than  the  account  of  Davis,  A.  W.  Hoyt  has 
in  the  same  magazine,  Vol.  XXXV,  pp.  1-21,  a  brief  description  of 
a  similar  trip  "Over  the  Plains  to  Colorado,"  of  which  the  more  impor- 


PRELIMINARY   BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF   COLORADO   HISTORY  10$ 

tant  part  consists  of  a  description  of  the  mining  camps  then  existing 
in  the  territory. 

Greeley,  settled  in  1869,  is  remarkable  among  frontier  commu- 
nities in  that  it  was  deliberately  planted  in  lands  which  could  easily 
be  put  under  ditch.  The  village  from  the  start  was  occupied  by  an 
eminently  moral  and  temperate  population,  under  the  leadership  of 
Meeker,  and  under  the  countenance  of  Horace  Greeley.  Its  resulting 
prosperity  is  described  by  Richard  T.  Ely  in  "The  Story  of  a  'Decreed ' 
Town,"  in  Harper's  Magazine,  Vol.  CVI,  pp.  390-401,  February,  1903. 

The  census  of  1870  gave  some  support  to  the  contention  of  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  since  it  reported  a  population  of  only  39,841  for  the 
territory.  But  the  figures  were  attacked  by  the  settlers  in  Colorado. 
There  is  to  be  found  in  Sen.  Misc.  Doc.  40;  410.3;  Serial  1442,  a 
statement  signed  by  territorial  governor  McCook,  which  denies  the 
accuracy  of  the  census.  It  gives  various  tables  showing  taxable  values, 
agricultural  statistics,  railway  growth,  etc.,  and  closes  with  an  inac- 
curate abstract  of  the  legislative  history  of  the  statehood  movement. 
The  early  years  of  the  seventies  saw  considerable  settlement  in  the 
territory,  and  twice  between  1870  and  1875  did  the^  House  Committee 
on  Territories  report  in  favor  of  the  admission  of  Colorado.  The 
former  report  is  in  H.  Rep.  8;  420.3;  Serial  1576,  dated  January 
6,  1873.  The  second  comes  May  28,  1874,  in  H.  Rep.  619;  43C.i; 
Serial  1626.  This  latter  report,  by  Chaff ee,  gives  valuable  figures 
as  to  the  condition  of  the  territory,  based  on  a  census  of  1873.  Its 
figures  of  railways  are  specially  interesting. 

Colorado  became  a  state  in  1876,  and  the  framing  of  its  constitu- 
tion is  the  subject  of  an  article  by  E.  H.  Meyer  in  the  Iowa  Journal 
of  History  and  Politics  for  April,  1904,  Vol.  II,  pp.  256-274,  with  the 
title  "The  Constitution  of  Colorado."  The  admission  of  the  state  was 
by  presidential  proclamation,  in  accordance  with  an  act  passed  at 
the  end  of  the  Forty-third  Congress.  In  the  following  Congress  the 
point  was  raised  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  this  method  of  admission, 
and  the  House  Committee  on  Judiciary  presented  majority  and  minority 
reports  to  the  house  upon  the  propriety  of  seating  James  W.  Belford 
as  representative  from  Colorado  without  further  legislation,  H.  Rep. 


Io6  UNIVERSITY   OF  COLORADO   STUDIES 

67;  440.2;  Serial  1769;  pp.  24.  The  majority  report  advised  the 
seating  of  the  delegate,  while  both  reports  went  into  the  details  of 
the  territorial  policy  of  the  United  States. 

The  admission  of  the  new  state  brought  into  a  new  prominence 
the  problem  of  the  military  control  of  the  Southwest,  with  the  result 
that  exploration  and  survey  of  new  routes  advanced  rapidly.  The 
lines  of  communication  between  southern  Colorado  and  points  in 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico  inspired  a  report  from  the  Secretary  of  War 
on  March  31,  1876,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  172;  440.1;  Serial  1691;  pp.  34. 
The  next  Congress  saw  a  similar  report  on  communication  between 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  based  upon  a  reconnaissance  of  the  San 
Juan  country  in  1877,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  66;  450.2;  Serial  1806;  pp.  38. 
This  report  includes  three  maps,  one  of  which  shows  the  outlines  of 
the  Ute  Indian  reservation  at  the  time.  And  another  map,  published 
in  a  report  of  the  same  department  in  May,  1878,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  88; 
450.2;  Serial  1809,  shows  all  the  surveys  and  explorations  made  west 
of  the  hundredth  meridian  during  the  ten  years  then  ending. 

The  earliest  prominence  of  Colorado  in  the  magazines  came  with  the 
discovery  of  the  large  deposits  of  silver  in  and  near  Leadville,  about 
1877.  Before  these  discoveries,  the  federal  surveys  had  inspired  a 
description  of  the  work  of  the  "Wheeler  Expedition  in  Southern  Col- 
orado, "-by  W.  H.  Rideing,  in  Harper's  Magazine,  Vol.  LII,  pp.  793- 
806,  May,  1876.  But  this  account  of  a  party  which  started  from 
Pueblo  and  crossed  to  the  southwest  in  search  of  wagon  routes,  is  excep- 
tional, and  it  is  not  until  about  1880  that  a  real  interest  is  aroused. 
The  new  Leadville  camp  drew  visitors  from  all  the  United  States, 
and  among  them  was  Helen  Hunt  Jackson,  who  then  lived  in  Colorado 
Springs,  and  told  of  her  trip  "To  Leadville"  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly 
for  May,  1879,  Vol.  XLIII,  pp.  567-579.  This,  like  other  articles 
from  the  same  pen,  is  light  and  discursive,  valuable  not  for  its  con- 
tribution to  facts,  but  for  its  contribution  to  color.  E.  Ingersoll's  "Camp 
of  the  Carbonates,"  in  Scribner's  Monthly  for  October,  1879,  Vol. 
XVIII,  pp.  801-824,  is  more  serious  than  Mrs.  Jackson's  article,  and 
gives  some  useful  accounts  of  definite  conditions  in  Leadville.  aGrub 
Stakes  and  Millions, "  by  A.  A.  Hayes,  in  Harper's  Magazine,  for  Febru- 


PRELIMINARY   BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF   COLORADO   HISTORY  107 

ary,  1880,  Vol.  LX,  pp.  380-397,  is  of  similar  character.  More  serious 
than  any  of  these  is  an  article  on  "Colorado"  which  appeared  in  the 
Fortnightly  Review  for  January,  1880,  Vol. 'XXXIII,  o.  s.,  pp.  119-129, 
over  the  name  of  J.  W.  Barclay.  Here,  prepared  for  an  English  public, 
is  an  account  of  the  conditions  prevailing  throughout  the  state,  with 
special  and  conservative  reference  to  the  possibilities  of  the  state  in 
mining,  agriculture,  and  grazing;  while  the  appeal  of  the  mountains  to 
the  hunter  and  sportsman  is  sounded  by  the  Earl  of  Dunraven  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  for  September,  1880,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  445-457,  with 
the  title  "A  Colorado  Sketch." 

The  silver  interests  are  not  the  only  ones  which  attracted  the  visitor 
about  1880.  A.  A.  Hayes  described  "The  Cattle  Ranches  of  Colo- 
rado" in  Harper's  Magazine  for  November,  1879,  Vol.  LIX,  pp.  877- 
895.  The  grazing  possibilities  of  the  Arkansas  valley  are  exploited 
in  this  paper,  while  its  general  argument  is  carried  a  step  further 
by  the  same  author  in  Harper's  for  January,  1880.  Vol.  LX,  pp.  193- 
210,  with  the  similar  title,  "Shepherds  of  Colorado,"  and  his  "Vaca- 
tion Aspects  of  Colorado"  found  place  in  the  issue  for  May,  Vol.  LX, 
pp.  542-556.  The  same  year  which  saw  these  articles  of  Hayes  saw 
further  papers  from  Mrs.  Jackson,  who  journeyed  out  from  her  home 
in  Colorado  Springs  to  various  points  of  interest,  and  continued  to 
write  little  discursive  sketches  of  camps  and  scenery  and  people.  Her 
"A  New  Anvil  Chorus,"  in  Scribner's  Monthly  for  January,  1878, 
Vol.  XV,  pp.  386-395,  tells  of  a  visit  to  Fort  Garland  and  the  San  Juan 
valley,  of  racial  types  and  railway  construction;  "Little  Rose  and 
the  House  of  the  Snowy  Range,"  in  the  same  monthly  for  May,  1878, 
Vol.  XVI,  pp.  55-58,  carries  her  to  the  Sangre  di  Cristo  range  and 
the  Wet  Mountain  valley;  and  finally  she  contributed  to  the  Atlantic, 
in  December,  1883,  Vol.  LII,  pp.  753-762,  an  account  of  her  trip  to 
Crested  Butte  and  the  Gunnison  fields  of  1880,  with  the  title  "  O-Be- 
Joyful  Creek  and  Poverty  Gulch." 

Parallel  to  the  mining  interest  of  the  Leadville  boom  came  a  desire 
to  explore  the  lands  of  the  southwestern  part  of  Colorado,  and  a  demand 
that  the  Ute  Indians  be  removed  from  the  state  by  the  federal  gov- 
ernment. The  Secretary  of  War  replied  to  a  resolution  of  the  House 


I08  UNIVERSITY   OF  COLORADO   STUDIES 

with  a  message  of  May  23,  1878,  H..Ex.  Doc.  91;  450.2;  Serial  1809; 
pp.  4,  in  which  he  described  the  means  taken  for  the  protection  of 
residents  of  western  Colorado  and  gave  a  map  showing  parts  of  the 
Ute  reservation,  with  the  portion  in  dispute  in  the  Uncompahgre  country. 
As  a  result  of  this  pressure  the  removal  was  provided  for  by  Congress, 
and  the  lands  in  question  were  ceded  by  the  Utes  June  15,  1880.  A 
letter  to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  tells  of  the  condition  of 
the  Indians  to  be  removed,  H.  Misc.  Doc.  57;  45C.2;  Serial  1820; 
pp.  5;  while  after  the  bill  had  been  passed,  the  Committee  on  Public 
Lands,  through  T.  M.  Patterson,  advocated  the  survey  of  the  boun- 
dary between  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  on  the  ground  that  the 
mineral  deposits  in  the  new  territory  made  such  a  survey  necessary, 
H.  Rep.  708;  450.2;  Serial  1825.  Four  years  later,  the  removal 
having  been  accomplished,  on  August  28,  1881,  the  Committee  on 
Public  Lands  again  brought  up  the  matter  of  the  Ute  agreement,  and 
asked  for  legislation  to  protect  the  settlers  in  their  titles  in  the  old  reser- 
vation, its  boundaries  not  having  been  surveyed,  and  the  land  itself 
not  yet  having  become  a  part  of  the  public  lands,  H.  Rep.  561;  47C.i; 
Serial  2066.  The  same  report,  with  slight  verbal  changes,  is  found 
also  in  Sen.  Rep.  186;  47C.i;  Serial  2004.  The  question  of  titles 
in  these  lands  was  long  a  matter  of  confusion,  a  homestead  bill  for 
them  being  considered  in  1902,  and  advocated  by  Shafroth  of  Colo- 
rado, H.  Rep.  1275;  57C.i;  Serial  4403. 

The  decade  of  the  eighties  is  one  of  rapid  development  in  all  direc- 
tions, bringing  as  a  by-product  many  difficult  questions  concerning 
the  administration  of  the  public  lands.  The  common  occurrence 
of  agricultural  school  lands  turning  out  to  be  mineral  lands  produced 
in  1880  a  report  from  the  Committee  on  Public  Lands,  Sen.  Rep.  256; 
46C.2;  Serial  1893,  and  another  in  1898,  H.  Rep.  792;  550.2;  Serial 
3719.  Similarly,  the  confusion  among  the  railway  land  grants  to  the 
Union  Pacific  and  the  Denver  Pacific  Railways  is  responsible  for  a 
bill  introduced  to  protect  purchasers  of  such  lands  in  their  titles,  H. 
Rep.  2846;  5oC.i;  Serial  2605.  All  of  the  agricultural  lands  received 
a  new  value  as  irrigation  progressed.  The  proposal  to  lease  the  arid 
lands  of  Colorado  evoked  in  1882  majority  and  minority  reports  from 


PRELIMINARY   BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF  COLORADO  HISTORY  109 

the  Committee  on  Public  lands,  H.  Rep.  197;  470.1;  Serial  1065. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  made  an  estimate  in  1889,  the  year  after 
the  formal  irrigation  survey  had  begun  under  the  Geological  Survey, 
of  the  irrigation  capacities  of  the  Platte  and  Arkansas  valleys,  Sen. 
Ex.  Doc.  120;  500.2;  Serial  2612,  in  response  to  a  call  from  the  Sen- 
ate; and  the  House  Committee  on  Public  Lands,  in  the  same  session, 
recommended  the  establishment  of  three  new  land  offices  in  Colorado, 
to  meet  the  demands  of  increasing  sales,  H.  Rep.  3617;  5oC.2;  Serial 
2673.  The  establishment  of  forest  reserves  created  complications 
in  mining  lands,  a  bill  to  open  such  reservations  to  mining  claims 
receiving  in  1896  favorable  reports  from  both  of  the  committees,  Sen. 
Rep.  191;  54-C.i;  Serial  3362,  and  H.  Rep.  152;  54-C.i;  Serial  3457. 
The  early  nineties  saw  a  considerable  degree  of  interest  in  Colorado, 
inspired  by  the  great  discoveries  at  Cripple  Creek,  and  the  prominent 
part  played  by  the  great  discoveries  at  Cripple  Creek,  and  the  promi- 
nent part  played  by  the  state  in  the  prevailing  monetary  discussions. 
The  general  question  of  mining  and  mining  education  came  in  for  con- 
sideration, and  the  latter  extracted  from  the  House  Committee  on  Mines 
and  Mining  a  recommendation  that  a  portion  of  the  proceeds  from 
the  sale  of  public  lands  should  be  turned  over  to  the  aid  of  the  School 
of  Mines  in  the  state  in  which  the  lands  were  sold,  H.  Rep.  1136; 
5iC.i;  Serial  2810.  The  Nation  on  October  5,  1893,  Vol.  LVII, 
pp.  245-246,  gave  space  to  a  geographical  and  romantic  description 
of  " Pike's  Peak  and  Colorado  Springs"  by  Mabel  L.  Todd;  and 
Harper's  Magazine  for  May  of  that  year  had  already  printed,  Vol. 
LXXXVI,  pp.  935-948,  a  description  by  the  New  York  correspondent 
of  the  London  Times,  Julian  Ralph,  of  " Colorado  and  its  Capital." 
More  specific  accounts  of  the  mining  excitement  of  this  year  are  Cy 
Warman's  "Story  of  Cripple  Creek,"  in  the  American  Review  of 
Reviews  for  February,  1896,  Vol.  XIII,  pp.  161-166,  with  its  descrip- 
tion of  the  early  rush  into  the  camp  and  the  resulting  construction  of 
railways;  and  his  similar  article  in  the  Colorado  Magazine,  Vol.  I, 
pp.  67-76,  April,  1893.  Warman  had  already  contributed  to  the 
Colorado  Magazine,  Vol.  I,  pp.  163-172,  May,  1893,  an  article  on 
"Crede,"  describing  the  discovery  of  the  Amethyst  vein  in  1891,  the 


110  UNIVERSITY   OF   COLORADO   STUDIES 

extension  of  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  tracks  to  the  camps  in  the 
autumn  of  that  year,  and  the  resulting  fortunes  for  Crede,  the  discov- 
erer, and  Moffat,  his  partner.  A  little  later,  Francis  Lynde  published 
in  Scribner's  Magazine,  which  is  to  be  distinguished  from  the  earlier 
Scribner's  Monthly,  a  narrative  description  of  "Cripple  Creek"  in 
the  issue  for  May,  1900,  Vol.  XXVII,  pp.  603-616.  And,  finally,  the 
Colorado  College  Studies,  General  Series,  No.  17,  June,  1905,  pp.  1-48, 
presents  a  paper  on  "The  Cripple  Creek  Strike  of  1893,"  bv  B-  M- 
Rastall,  with  an  introduction  by  Professor  T.  K.  Urdahl. 

On  the  monetary  situation  there  are  magazine  articles  without 
number,  only  a  few  calling  for  mention  here.  In  September,  1893, 
when  the  question  of  silver  had  come  into  existence,  the  Review  of 
Reviews  presented  a  friendly  account  of  "The  Silver  Situation  in  Col- 
orado," Vol.  VIII,  pp.  276-280,  by  E.  W.  Bemis,  of  the  University 
of  Chicago.  The  North  American  Review  brought  out  in  January, 
1894,  Vol.  CLVIII,  pp.  24-29,  an  article  ^by  the  new  Populist  governor 
of  Colorado,  Davis  H.  Waite,  on  "Are  the  Silver  States  Ruined?" 
and  in  its  next  number,  February,  1894,  Vol.  CLVIII,  pp.  247-249, 
allowed  J.  E.  Leet  to  reply  to  Governor  Waite  with  "Colorado's 
Bright  Outlook".  The  "Situation  in  Colorado"  was  again  discussed 
in  May,  1896,  in  the  Yale  Review,  Vol.  V,  pp.  50-57,  by  L.  R.  Ehrich, 
who  saw  the  manner  in  which  gold  production  was  gaining  upon  silver, 
and  changing  the  financial  balance  of  the  state. 

The  struggle  for  women's  suffrage  in  Colorado  began  long  before 
the  admission  of  the  state,  but  became  successful  only  during  the  Pop- 
ulist period  in  1893.  James  H.  LeRossignol,  in  the  Annals  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science,  Vol.  XVIII,  pp.  552- 
556,  has  a  brief  article  on  "Woman's  Suffrage  and  Municipal  Pol- 
itics," with  a  useful  bibliography.  Later,  Elizabeth  McCracken 
contributed  to  the  Outlook,  Vol.  LXXV,  pp.  737-744,  November, 
28,  1903,  in  her  series  "The  Women  of  America,"  a  distinctly  witty 
and  unfriendly  statement  upon  the  workings  of  "Women's  Suffrage 
in  Colorado,"  which  evoked  from  Mary  G.  Slocum,  wife  of  the  presi- 
dent of  Colorado  College,  an  indignant,  but  dignified,  refutation  in 
the  Outlook,  Vol.  LXXV,  pp.  997-1000,  December  26,  1903.  Women's 


PRELIMINARY   BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF   COLORADO   HISTORY  III 

suffrage,  like  the  silver  question,  cannot  receive  more  than  a  suggestive 
bibliography  in  this  place. 

In  an  international  way  Colorado  provoked  remonstrance  from 
Baron  Fava,  the  Italian  minister,  and  from  Secretary  of  State  Olney, 
when  certain  Italian  subjects  were  lynched  in  Walsenberg  in  March 
1895.  The  lynching  arose  out  of  a  murder  of  an  American  saloon- 
keeper named  Hixon,  and  became  the  occasion  of  an  extensive  cor- 
respondence between  the  United  States,  Italy,  and  Governor  Mclntire 
of  Colorado,  parts  of  which  are  printed  in  H.  Doc.  195;  54-C.i;  Serial 
3420,  pp.  20.  Six  years  later  a  mob  destroyed  a  fish  hatchery  belong- 
ing to  one  William  Radcliffe,  a  British  subject,  at  Delta,  and  again 
the  intervention  of  the  federal  government  was  provoked.  In  this 
case  President  Roosevelt,  in  a  message  of  March  14,  1904,  recom- 
mended an  indemnity  of  $25,000  to  the  victim,  and  transmitted  the 
documents  in  the  case  to  Congress,  Sen.  Doc.  271;  58C.2;  Serial 
4592;  pp.  40. 

Of  slight  importance  in  the  history  of  Colorado,  but  of  some  conse- 
quence in  its  sociological  aspect,  is  the  attempt  of  the  Salvation  Army 
to  found  and  conduct  a  community  at  Fort  Amity,  Colorado.  Because 
of  an  alleged  inability  of  this  body  to  pay  promptly  for  the  arid  lands 
purchased  from  the  United  States  and  irrigated  by  the  settlers,  it  is 
the  occasion  of  a  number  of  public  documents,  especially  H.  Rep.  364; 
56C.i;  Serial  4022;  February,  1900,  Sen.  Rep.  1135;  56C.i;  Serial 
3894;  May,  1900,  and  Sen.  Rep.  2950;  57C.2;  Serial  4412;  Febru- 
ary, 1903.  All  of  these  documents  are  very  brief,  but  they  give  some 
notion  of  the  scope  and  activity  of  this  type  of  poor-relief.  The  jour- 
nalistic reports  of  the  same  settlement,  as  in  "  Making  Successful 
Farmers  out  of  City  Failures,"  in  World's  Work,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  3929- 
3930,  and  in  the  Outlook,  Vol.  LXXIV,  pp.  640-641,  show  much  suc- 
cess at  Amity,  and  require  some  reconciliation  with  the  statements  of 
the  public  documents. 

Miscellaneous  items  of  Coloradoana  in  the  middle  nineties  are  a 
favorable  report  on  a  pipe-line  bill  for  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  H. 
Rep.  1563;  54C.  i ;  Serial  3462;  a  report  favoring  the  grant  to  Col- 
orado of  the  abandoned  Fort  Lyons  military  reservation  for  a  sol- 


112  UNIVERSITY   OF   COLORADO   STUDIES 

diers'  and  sailors'  home,  H.  Rep.  1847;  54C.i;  Serial  3464,  and 
another,  on  granting  to  the  Cripple  Creek  District  Railway  Company 
a  right  of  way  through  the  Pike's  Peak  timber  land  reserve,  H.  Rep. 
1592;  55C.2;  Serial  3722.  About  1900  came  Shafroth's  report  on 
the  preservation  of  pre-historic  ruins  in  Colorado,  H.  Rep.  1104;  s6C.i; 
Serial  4025;  Hansbrough's  recommendation  of  permission  to  Mon- 
trose  to  enter  160  acres  of  public  lands  for  reservoir  purposes,  Sen. 
Rep.  2955;  57C.2;  Serial  4412;  and  Palmer's  report  recommending  the 
erection  of  terms  of  federal  circuit  and  district  courts  at  Montrose 
in  place  of  Del  Norte,  H.  Rep.  3378;  57C.2;  Serial  4414.  Finally, 
there  is  in  1901  a  long  report  of  a  committee  named  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  Colorado,  on  the  Australasian  system  of  taxation  and 
the  revenues  of  Colorado,  Sen.  Doc.  209;  56C.2;  Serial  4043;  pp.  36. 
The  Outlook  during  these  same  years  calls  attention  to  the  sociologi- 
cal work  under  Dr.  R.  W.  Corwin  of  the  Colorado  Fuel  and  Iron  Com- 
pany, Vol.  LXXII,  pp.  149-150;  to  the  " Religious  Life  in  Colorado," 
Vol.  LXXII,  pp.  365-371  to  the  home-rule  charter  of  Denver,  Vol. 
LXXV,  p.  97,  and  to  the  franchise  amendment  Vol.  LXXVI,  pp.  249- 
250. 

The  great  mining  strike  of  1903-1904  caused  much  attention  to 
be  given  to  industrial  and  constitutional  conditions  in  Colorado.  Begin- 
ning with  the  sympathetic  strike  of  the  Cripple  Creek  miners  in  August, 
and  continuing  through  the  calling-out  of  troops,  the  explosion  at  the 
"Vindicator"  mine,  the  recall  of  troops,  the  Independence  disaster, 
and  the  deportations,  there  is  a  long  series  of  pertinent  articles  to  be 
recorded.  The  Outlook,  Vol.  LXXV,  p.  390,  October  17,  1903,  com- 
ments upon  the  beginning  of  the  strike,  and  its  provocation  in  the  eight- 
hour  agitation.  In  later  issues  it  calls  attention  to 'the  less  important 
strike  of  the  coal  miners,  and  to  the  complications  produced  by  the 
appearance  of  the  Citizens'  Alliances,  Vol.  LXXV,  p.  763*;  to  the 
general  support  given  by  the  business  interests  at  Cripple  Creek  to 
the  drastic  measures  of  Governor  Peabody,  Vol.  LXXVI,  pp.  143- 
144;  and  to  the  dangerous  social  cleavage  which  divided  the  mining 
communities  into  the  hostile  Mine  Owners'  Association  and  the  Western 
Federation  of  Miners,  Vol.  LXXVI,  pp.  1001-1003.  As  the  spring 


PRELIMINARY   BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF   COLORADO   HISTORY  113 

of  1904  advanced,  Current  Literature,  Vol.  XXXVI,  pp.  482-484, 
called  attention  to  the  attempt  at  an  ending  of  martial  law  while  "  G, " 
writing  to  the  Outlook,  Vol.  LXXVII,  pp.  2i*-22,*  commented  upon 
the  arbitrary  assumption  of  powers  as  well  by  the  state  authorities 
as  by  the  leaders  of  the  Western  Federation.  The  terrible  disaster 
at  Independence  station  produced  paragraphs  in  the  Outlook,  Vol. 
LXXVII,  pp.  384-385,  and  in  Current  Literature,  Vol.  XXXVII, 
pp.  3-5.  The  deportations  of  miners  following  close  upon  this  dis- 
aster created  what  Current  Literature  Vol.  XXXVII,  pp.  104-106, 
characterized  as  a  "  carnival  of  crime, "  in  which,  Vol.  XXXVI,  pp.  594- 
596,  both  sides  were  largely  to  blame — a  conclusion  with  which  the 
Outlook,  Vol.  LXXVII,  pp.  394-396,  agreed.  Current  Literature 
suggested  a  little  later,  Vol.  XXXVII,  pp.  303-305,  the  possibility 
of  federal  intervention  in  Colorado.  A  socialistic  view  of  the  strike 
is  to  be  found  in  Wiltshire's  Magazine,  May,  1904,  pp.  219-224,  by 
Henry  O.  Morris,  under  the  title  "The  Conspiracy  against  Labor  in 
Colorado."  It  is  accompanied  by  editorials  on  the  "Mine  Owners ' 
Infamous  Purpose."  On  the  other  side  is  "The  Supremacy  of  Law," 
by  William  M.  Raine,  in  the  Reader  Magazine,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  399-409, 
September,  1904.  These  paragraphs  and  editorials  by  no  means 
comprise  the  whole  output  upon  the  strike.  All  the  weekly  papers 
give  some  attention  to  it. 

The  proportions  which  the  strike  came  to  assume  in  its  constitu- 
tional bearings  ultimately  produced  three  important  missions  to  Col- 
orado. The  brilliant  report  of  Ray  Stannard  Baker  on  "The  Reign  of 
Lawlessness,  Anarchy,  and  Crime  in  Colorado"  appears  in  McClure's 
Magazine,  Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  43-57,  May,  1904.  The  Rev.  Washington 
Gladden  made  a  similiar  report  for  a  syndicate  of  newspapers  begin- 
ning with  the  Columbus  Press  Post,  and  appearing,  among  others,  in  the 
Denver  Times,  for  April  22  and  23,  1904.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the 
Denver  Republican  did  not  consider  these  letters  worthy  of  any  consider- 
able mention.  The  third  special  report  was  by  William  English  Wall- 
ing, a  resident  of  the  New  York  University  Settlement,  and  appeared  in 
the  Independent,  Vol.  LVI,  pp.  539-548,  March  10,  1904,  with  the  title 
"The  Great  Cripple  Creek  Strike." 


114  UNIVERSITY   OF   COLORADO   STUDIES 

In  Congress  the  political  aspect  of  the  strike  had  its  result  in  three 
documents  which  are  of  high  value  as  sources  for  the  history  of  1903- 
1904.  A  statement  of  the  employers'  side,  prepared  by  C.  C.  Ham- 
lin,  secretary  of  the  Mine  Owners'  and  Property  Owners'  Associa- 
tion of  Cripple  Creek,  and  at  once  attacking  the  Western  Federation 
of  Miners  and  defending  the  administration  of  Governor  Peabody, 
was  presented  to  the  Senate  by  Scott,  of  West  Virginia,  in  January, 
1904,  Sen.  Doc.  86;  58C.2;  Serial  4588;  pp.  19.  It  produced  later 
in  the  same  session,  a  reply  from  the  Western  Federation,  through 
Patterson,  of  Colorado,  Sen.  Doc.  163,  58C.2;  Serial  4590;  pp.  41, 
which  denies  most  of  the  allegations  of  the  earlier  document,  and 
reviews  the  history  of  strikes  since  1894  in  an  attempt  to  throw  the  re- 
sponsibility for  them  upon  the  owners  and  employers.  It  contains 
many  extracts  from  contemporary  newspapers  and  correspondence, 
but  is  far  surpassed  in  completeness  by  the  "Report  on  Labor  Dis- 
turbances in  Colorado,  1880-1904,"  made  by  an  agent  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Labor,  and  printed  as  Sen.  Doc.  122;  58C.3;  pp.  363. 
This  document,  because  of  the  originals  which  it  prints,,  and  because 
it  is  fairly  non-political  in  tone,  is  the  best  single  source  for  the  history 
of  the  labor  troubles. 

The  situation  brought  forth  also  an  editorial  by  B.  O.  Flower,  in 
the  Arena,  Vol.  XXXII,  pp.  187-194,  August,  1904,  on  the  "Break- 
ing Down  of  Democratic  Government  in  an  American  Common- 
wealth," which  reviews  the  special  articles  on  the  strike,  and  develops 
the  initiative  and  referendum  as  cure  for  such  ills  as  those  of  Colo- 
rado. The  Arena,  in  the  autumn  of  1905,  ran  a  series  of  papers  by 
J.  W.  Mills  on  "The  Economic  Struggle  in  Colorado,"  which  is  a 
long  tract  on  municipal  ownership  of  corporations. 


